Last data update: May 06, 2024. (Total: 46732 publications since 2009)
Records 1-14 (of 14 Records) |
Query Trace: Moon SS[original query] |
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Correlation Between Third Dose of COVID-19 Vaccines and Regional Case Fatality Rates During the Omicron Wave in Korea.
Jang Y , Kim IJ , Moon SS , Kim SB , Lee J . J Korean Med Sci 2022 37 (50) e347 This study seeks to find the correlation between case fatality rates (CFRs) and third-dose vaccination coverage in 244 counties (si/gun/gu) of South Korea during the omicron variant wave. Multivariate regression analyses report that the higher third-dose vaccination rates were correlated with lower regional CFRs, when controlling for age structure. If the third-dose vaccination rate of a county is higher by 10%, it would have a CFR lower by 0.05% (95% confidence interval, 0.03-0.08%). As the number of cumulative confirmed cases in South Korea was 16,353,495 as of April 20, 2022, a lower CFR by 0.03-0.08% is equivalent to 4,394-12,448 lives (8.6-24.4 per 100,000) spared. County-specific characteristics, such as age structure, intensive care unit availability, and the level of non-pharmaceutical interventions may also affect the extent of this correlation. The conclusion implicates the potential role of coronavirus disease 2019 vaccines in reducing the pressure on the regional healthcare capacity. |
Microneedle patch as a new platform to effectively deliver inactivated polio vaccine and inactivated rotavirus vaccine
Moon SS , Richter-Roche M , Resch TK , Wang Y , Foytich KR , Wang H , Mainou BA , Pewin W , Lee J , Henry S , McAllister DV , Jiang B . NPJ Vaccines 2022 7 (1) 26 We recently reported a lack of interference between inactivated rotavirus vaccine (IRV) and inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) and their potential dose sparing when the two vaccines were administered intramuscularly either in combination or standalone in rats and guinea pigs. In the present study, we optimized the formulations of both vaccines and investigated the feasibility of manufacturing a combined IRV-IPV dissolving microneedle patch (dMNP), assessing its compatibility and immunogenicity in rats. Our results showed that IRV delivered by dMNP alone or in combination with IPV induced similar levels of RV-specific IgG and neutralizing antibody. Likewise, IPV delivered by dMNP alone or in combination with IRV induced comparable levels of neutralizing antibody of poliovirus types 1, 2, and 3. We further demonstrated high stability of IRV-dMNP at 5, 25, and 40 °C and IPV-dMNP at 5 and 25 °C, and found that three doses of IRV or IPV when co-administered at a quarter dose was as potent as a full target dose in inducing neutralizing antibodies against corresponding rotavirus or poliovirus. We conclude that IRV-IPV dMNP did not interfere with each other in triggering an immunologic response and were highly immunogenic in rats. Our findings support the further development of this innovative approach to deliver a novel combination vaccine against rotavirus and poliovirus in children throughout the world. |
Metagenomic sequencing generates the whole genomes of porcine rotavirus A, C, and H from the United States.
Hull JJA , Qi M , Montmayeur AM , Kumar D , Velasquez DE , Moon SS , Magaña LC , Betrapally N , Ng TFF , Jiang B , Marthaler D . PLoS One 2020 15 (12) e0244498 The genus Rotavirus comprises eight species, designated A to H, and two recently identified tentative species I in dogs and J in bats. Species Rotavirus A, B, C and H (RVA, RVB, RVC and RVH) have been detected in humans and animals. While human and animal RVA are well characterized and defined, complete porcine genome sequences in the GenBank are limited compared to human strains. Here, we used a metagenomic approach to sequence the 11 segments of RVA, RVC and RVH strains from piglets in the United States (US) and explore the evolutionary relations of these RV species. Metagenomics identified Astroviridae, Picornaviridae, Caliciviridae, Coronoviridae in samples MN9.65 and OK5.68 while Picobirnaviridae and Arteriviridae were only identified in sample OK5.68. Whole genome sequencing and phylogenetic analyses identified multiple genotypes with the RVA of strain MN9.65 and OK5.68, with the genome constellation of G5/G9-P[7]/P[13]-I5/I5- R1/R1-C1-M1-A8-N1-T7-E1/E1-H1 and G5/G9-P[6]/P[7]-I5-R1/R1-C1-M1-A8-N1-T1/T7-E1/E1-H1, respectively. The RVA strains had a complex evolutionary relationship with other mammalian strains. The RVC strain OK5.68 had a genome constellation of G9-P[6]-I1-R1-C5-M6-A5-N1-T1-E1-H1, and shared an evolutionary relationship with porcine strains from the US. The RVH strains MN9.65 and OK5.68 had the genome constellation of G5-P1-I1-R1-C1-M1-A5-N1-T1-E4-H1 and G5-P1-I1-R1-C1-M1-A5-N1-T1-E1-H1, indicating multiple RVH genome constellations are circulating in the US. These findings allow us to understand the complexity of the enteric virome, develop improved screening methods for RVC and RVH strains, facilitate expanded rotavirus surveillance in pigs, and increase our understanding of the origin and evolution of rotavirus species. |
Clinical and virologic characteristics of the first 12 patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in the United States.
Kujawski SA , Wong KK , Collins JP , Epstein L , Killerby ME , Midgley CM , Abedi GR , Ahmed NS , Almendares O , Alvarez FN , Anderson KN , Balter S , Barry V , Bartlett K , Beer K , Ben-Aderet MA , Benowitz I , Biggs HM , Binder AM , Black SR , Bonin B , Bozio CH , Brown CM , Bruce H , Bryant-Genevier J , Budd A , Buell D , Bystritsky R , Cates J , Charles EM , Chatham-Stephens K , Chea N , Chiou H , Christiansen D , Chu V , Cody S , Cohen M , Conners EE , Curns AT , Dasari V , Dawson P , DeSalvo T , Diaz G , Donahue M , Donovan S , Duca LM , Erickson K , Esona MD , Evans S , Falk J , Feldstein LR , Fenstersheib M , Fischer M , Fisher R , Foo C , Fricchione MJ , Friedman O , Fry A , Galang RR , Garcia MM , Gerber SI , Gerrard G , Ghinai I , Gounder P , Grein J , Grigg C , Gunzenhauser JD , Gutkin GI , Haddix M , Hall AJ , Han GS , Harcourt J , Harriman K , Haupt T , Haynes AK , Holshue M , Hoover C , Hunter JC , Jacobs MW , Jarashow C , Joshi K , Kamali T , Kamili S , Kim L , Kim M , King J , Kirking HL , Kita-Yarbro A , Klos R , Kobayashi M , Kocharian A , Komatsu KK , Koppaka R , Layden JE , Li Y , Lindquist S , Lindstrom S , Link-Gelles R , Lively J , Livingston M , Lo K , Lo J , Lu X , Lynch B , Madoff L , Malapati L , Marks G , Marlow M , Mathisen GE , McClung N , McGovern O , McPherson TD , Mehta M , Meier A , Mello L , Moon SS , Morgan M , Moro RN , Murray J , Murthy R , Novosad S , Oliver SE , O’Shea J , Pacilli M , Paden CR , Pallansch MA , Patel M , Patel S , Pedraza I , Pillai SK , Pindyck T , Pray I , Queen K , Quick N , Reese H , Reporter R , Rha B , Rhodes H , Robinson S , Robinson P , Rolfes MA , Routh JA , Rubin R , Rudman SL , Sakthivel SK , Scott S , Shepherd C , Shetty V , Smith EA , Smith S , Stierman B , Stoecker W , Sunenshine R , Sy-Santos R , Tamin A , Tao Y , Terashita D , Thornburg NJ , Tong S , Traub E , Tural A , Uehara A , Uyeki TM , Vahey G , Verani JR , Villarino E , Wallace M , Wang L , Watson JT , Westercamp M , Whitaker B , Wilkerson S , Woodruff RC , Wortham JM , Wu T , Xie A , Yousaf A , Zahn M , Zhang J . Nat Med 2020 26 (6) 861-868 Data on the detailed clinical progression of COVID-19 in conjunction with epidemiological and virological characteristics are limited. In this case series, we describe the first 12 US patients confirmed to have COVID-19 from 20 January to 5 February 2020, including 4 patients described previously(1-3). Respiratory, stool, serum and urine specimens were submitted for SARS-CoV-2 real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) testing, viral culture and whole genome sequencing. Median age was 53 years (range: 21-68); 8 patients were male. Common symptoms at illness onset were cough (n = 8) and fever (n = 7). Patients had mild to moderately severe illness; seven were hospitalized and demonstrated clinical or laboratory signs of worsening during the second week of illness. No patients required mechanical ventilation and all recovered. All had SARS-CoV-2 RNA detected in respiratory specimens, typically for 2-3 weeks after illness onset. Lowest real-time PCR with reverse transcription cycle threshold values in the upper respiratory tract were often detected in the first week and SARS-CoV-2 was cultured from early respiratory specimens. These data provide insight into the natural history of SARS-CoV-2. Although infectiousness is unclear, highest viral RNA levels were identified in the first week of illness. Clinicians should anticipate that some patients may worsen in the second week of illness. |
Lack of immune interference between inactivated polio vaccine and inactivated rotavirus vaccine co-administered by intramuscular injection in two animal species
Wang Y , Zade J , Moon SS , Weldon W , Pisal SS , Glass RI , Dhere RM , Jiang B . Vaccine 2019 37 (5) 698-704 A parenteral inactivated rotavirus vaccine (IRV) in development could address three problems with current live oral rotavirus vaccines (ORV): their lower efficacy in low and middle-income countries (LMICs), lingering concerns about their association with intussusception, and their requirement for a separate supply chain with large volume cold storage. Adding a new parenteral IRV to the current schedule of childhood immunizations would be more acceptable if it could be combined with another injectable vaccine such as inactivated polio vaccine (IPV). Current plans for polio eradication call for phasing out oral polio vaccine (OPV) and transitioning to IPV, initially in LMICs as a single dose booster after two doses of OPV and ultimately as a two dose schedule. Today in many LMICs, IPV is administered as a standalone vaccine, which involves a separate cold chain and is relatively costly. We therefore tested in two animal models formulations of IPV with IRV to determine whether co-administration might interfere with the immune response to each product and spare antigen dose for both vaccines. Our results demonstrate that IRV when adjuvanted with alum and administered alone or in combination with IPV did not impair the immune responses to either rotavirus or poliovirus serotypes 1, 2 and 3. Similarly, IPV when formulated and administered alone or together with IRV induced comparable levels of neutralizing antibody to poliovirus type 1, 2 and 3. Furthermore, comparable antibody titers were observed in animals vaccinated with low, middle or high dose of IPV or IRV in combination. This dose sparing and the lack of interference between IPV and IRV administered together represent another step to support the further development of this novel combination vaccine for children. |
A DS-1 like G9P[6] human strain CDC-6 as a new rotavirus vaccine candidate
Wang Y , Resch T , Esona MD , Moon SS , Jiang B . Vaccine 2018 36 (45) 6844-6849 Human rotavirus vaccine Rotarix(R) (G1P[8]) has shown broad cross protection against homotypic and heterotypic Wa-like human rotavirus strains among children worldwide. This vaccine, however, appears to induce slightly less or non-consistent protection against DS-1 like rotavirus P[4] strains in some settings. In addition, children who are secretor or Lewis-negative and are vaccinated with Rotarix(R) often experience breakthrough infection with P[6] strains. By contrast, P[6] strains infect all children, irrespective of their secretor or Lewis status. In the present study, we report successful adaptation of a DS-1 like human rotavirus G9P[6] strain (CDC-6) to high growth in Vero cells and identify sequence changes that may be critical for enhanced growth in vitro and attenuation in vivo. This human G9P[6] strain could serve as a promising new and potential low-cost vaccine candidate for global use, particularly in targeted population with secretor or Lewis-negative status and high prevalent DS-1 like P[6] strains. |
Inactivated rotavirus vaccine by parenteral administration induces mucosal immunity in mice
Resch TK , Wang Y , Moon SS , Joyce J , Li S , Prausnitz M , Jiang B . Sci Rep 2018 8 (1) 561 To improve the safety and efficacy of oral rotavirus vaccines, we developed an inactivated rotavirus vaccine (IRV) for parenteral administration. Since it remains unknown whether parenteral vaccination can induce mucosal immunity, we performed a comprehensive assessment of immune responses to IRV in mice with an adjuvant-free dissolving polymer MN patch or by alum-adjuvanted IM injection. We demonstrated that IRV induced the expression of the gut homing receptor LPAM-1 on T and B cells in spleen and mLN of vaccinated mice. MN patch IRV vaccination induced a slight Th1 phenotype while IM vaccination induced a balanced Th1/Th2 phenotype. In addition, a dose-sparing effect was seen for rotavirus-specific serum IgG and neutralizing activity for both vaccination routes. Our study is the first to show that parenterally administered IRV can induce mucosal immunity in the gut, in addition to strong serum antibody response, and is a promising candidate vaccine in achieving global immunization against rotavirus. |
Genomic Sequence of the First Porcine Rotavirus Group H Strain in the United States.
Hull JJ , Marthaler D , Rossow S , Ng TF , Montmayeur AM , Magana L , Moon SS , Jiang B . Genome Announc 2016 4 (2) The genomic sequence of a rotavirus group H was identified in the intestine of a diarrheal pig in the United States, designated RVH/Pig-wt/USA/MN9.65/2008/GxP[x]. |
Innate immune factors in mothers' breast milk and their lack of association with rotavirus vaccine immunogenicity in Nicaraguan infants
Becker-Dreps S , Choi WS , Stamper L , Vilchez S , Velasquez DE , Moon SS , Hudgens MG , Jiang B , Permar SR . J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc 2015 6 (1) 87-90 To better understand underlying causes of lower rotavirus vaccine effectiveness in low-middle income countries (LMICs), we measured innate antiviral factors in Nicaraguan mothers' milk and immune response to the first dose of the pentavalent rotavirus vaccine in corresponding infants. No relationship was found between concentrations of innate factors and rotavirus vaccine response. |
Prevaccination Rotavirus Serum IgG and IgA Are Associated With Lower Immunogenicity of Live, Oral Human Rotavirus Vaccine in South African Infants
Moon SS , Groome MJ , Velasquez DE , Parashar UD , Jones S , Koen A , van Niekerk N , Jiang B , Madhi SA . Clin Infect Dis 2015 62 (2) 157-65 BACKGROUND: Live oral rotavirus (RV) vaccines have shown modest efficacy among children in African countries for reasons that are not completely understood. We examined the possible inhibitory effect of pre-existing anti-rotavirus antibodies on immunogenicity of monovalent rotavirus vaccine (RV1). METHODS: Mother-infant pairs were enrolled at presentation for their routine immunization visit in Soweto, South Africa at 5-8 weeks age. Infant serum samples were obtained before each of the first and second doses of RV1, and one month after the second dose. Maternal serum and breast milk samples were obtained prior to administration of each dose of RV1 to infants. RV-specific IgG, IgA and neutralizing activity in sera of infants and serum or breast milk samples of mothers were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays or a microneutralization test. RESULTS: Of the 107 serum pairs from infants who were seronegative for RV IgA at enrollment, we observed a strong positive association between IgG titers in pre-dose 1 sera of infants and mothers and significant negative associations between IgG titers in pre dose 1 sera of infants and seroconversion to RV1 post dose 1. Similarly, mothers whose infants IgA seroconverted after RV1 had significantly lower pre-dose 1 IgG titers in sera than those whose infants did not seroconvert. CONCLUSIONS: High levels of pre-existing serum IgG, including transplacentally acquired maternal IgG, appeared to have an inhibitory effect on the immunogenicity of RV1 among infants and may, in part, contribute to lower efficacy of RV vaccines in this and other low income settings. |
Rotavirus-specific IgG antibodies from mothers' serum may inhibit infant immune responses to the pentavalent rotavirus vaccine
Becker-Dreps S , Vilchez S , Velasquez D , Moon SS , Hudgens MG , Zambrana LE , Jiang B . Pediatr Infect Dis J 2015 34 (1) 115-6 Rotavirus vaccines have lower effectiveness in low and middle income countries (LMICs). One possible explanation is vaccine inhibition by rotavirus-specific antibodies present in mothers’ sera or breast milk. IgG antibodies in maternal sera are transferred through the placenta and may inhibit vaccine-elicited immune responses, as recently reported for the 116E rotavirus vaccine (1). Also, breast milk IgA and neutralizing antibodies (NA) may directly inhibit the oral vaccine upon administration (2,3). Breast milk from LMIC mothers has higher levels of rotavirus-specific antibodies as compared to mothers from high income countries (3,4), indicating a greater potential for inhibition. We examined the association between rotavirus-specific antibodies in maternal sera and breast milk and immunogenicity to the first dose of the pentavalent rotavirus vaccine (RV5, Rotateq®) in respective infants. | Mother-infant pairs were recruited in León, Nicaragua in 2012. Eligibility criteria included: normal birthweight, gestational age > 35 weeks, currently breastfeeding > four times daily, and mother and infant without known immune disorder or blood transfusion. We measured rotavirus-specific antibodies in maternal and infant serum at the time of RV5 immunization, and in infant serum four weeks following the first dose (post-dose 1) by EIA (2,4). Breast milk samples of mothers collected at the time of immunization were assayed for rotavirus-specific IgA and NA (2). For IgA and IgG assays, we started dilutions at 1:10, while for breast milk NA assays, we started dilutions at 1:2. Pre-immunization seropositivity was defined as pre-immunization rotavirus-specific IgA titers > 40 (5). Seroconversion was defined as > four-fold increase in rotavirus-specific IgA titers in the infant between the pre-immunization and post-dose 1 serum samples. Spearman’s rank correlation coefficients were estimated to examine associations between rotavirus-specific IgG antibodies in maternal serum and infant pre-immunization serum. Wilcoxon rank sum tests were used to compare antibody titers between groups. |
Effect of breastfeeding on immunogenicity of oral live-attenuated human rotavirus vaccine: a randomized trial in HIV-uninfected infants in Soweto, South Africa
Groome MJ , Moon SS , Velasquez D , Jones S , Koen A , van Niekerk N , Jiang B , Parashar UD , Madhi SA . Bull World Health Organ 2014 92 (4) 238-45 OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of abstention from breastfeeding, for an hour before and after each vaccination, on the immune responses of infants to two doses of rotavirus vaccine. METHODS: In Soweto, South Africa, mother-infant pairs who were uninfected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) were enrolled as they presented for the "6-week" immunizations of the infants. Each infant was randomly assigned to Group 1 - in which breastfeeding was deferred for at least 1 h before and after each dose of rotavirus vaccine - or Group 2 - in which unrestricted breastfeeding was encouraged. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays were used to evaluate the titres of rotavirus-specific IgA in samples of serum collected from each infant immediately before each vaccine dose and 1 month after the second dose. Among the infants, a fourfold or greater increase in titres of rotavirus-specific IgA following vaccination was considered indicative of seroconversion. FINDINGS: The evaluable infants in Group 1 (n = 98) were similar to those in Group 2 (n = 106) in their baseline demographic characteristics and their pre-vaccination titres of anti-rotavirus IgA. After the second vaccine doses, geometric mean titres of anti-rotavirus IgA in the sera of Group-1 infants were similar to those in the sera of Group-2 infants (P = 0.685) and the frequency of seroconversion in the Group-1 infants was similar to that in the Group-2 infants (P = 0.485). CONCLUSION: Among HIV-uninfected South African infants, abstention from breastfeeding for at least 1 h before and after each vaccination dose had no significant effect on the infants' immune response to a rotavirus vaccine. |
Differential profiles and inhibitory effect on rotavirus vaccines of non-antibody components in breast milk from mothers in developing and developed countries
Moon SS , Tate JE , Ray P , Dennehy PH , Archary D , Coutsoudis A , Bland R , Newell ML , Glass RI , Parashar U , Jiang B . Pediatr Infect Dis J 2013 32 (8) 863-70 BACKGROUND: Live oral rotavirus vaccines have been less immunogenic and efficacious for children of developing countries than for those in middle income and industrialized countries and the basis for these differences is not fully understood. Recently, we demonstrated that breastmilk from mothers in India had significantly higher IgA and neutralizing activity against rotavirus that could reduce the effective titer of rotavirus vaccines reaching the gut when compared to that from mothers in the US. We extended our study to understand the specific contribution of those non-antibody components in breastmilk to the neutralizing activity against rotavirus vaccine we observed. METHODS: Breastmilk samples were collected from mothers of breast-feeding infants aged between 4 to 29 weeks (i.e., vaccine eligible age) in India (N=40), South Africa (N=50) and the United States (N=51). We examined breastmilk for lactoferrin, lactadherin, rotavirus-specific IgA, and neutralizing activity against three rotavirus vaccine strains: Rotarix; RotaTeq G1; and 116E using enzyme immunoassays; a plaque reduction assay; or a microneutralization assay. FINDINGS: We observed higher levels of lactoferrin, lactadherin, IgA, and neutralizing activity in breastmilk specimens from Indian and South African women than those from American women. We demonstrated positive associations between levels of lactoferrin or IgA and neutralizing activity in Indian and South African specimens, but not in American specimens. We demonstrated that the inhibitory effect of lactoferrin was dose- or species-dependent, as evidenced by greater reduction in titer of Rotarix and 116E by human lactoferrin. Lactadherin also exhibited inhibitory activity to rotavirus vaccines but appeared to be less effective. INTERPRETATION: The lower immunogenicity and efficacy of rotavirus vaccines in developing countries could be explained, in part, by synergistic inhibitory effect of high levels of antibody and non-antibody components in breastmilk consumed by infants at the time of immunization. Therefore, there is a need for alternative rotavirus vaccine strategies in breastfeeding populations. |
Inhibitory effect of breast milk on infectivity of live oral rotavirus vaccines
Moon SS , Wang Y , Shane AL , Nguyen T , Ray P , Dennehy P , Baek LJ , Parashar U , Glass RI , Jiang B . Pediatr Infect Dis J 2010 29 (10) 919-23 BACKGROUND: Live oral rotavirus vaccines have been less immunogenic and efficacious among children in poor developing countries compared with middle income and industrialized countries for reasons that are not yet completely understood. We assessed whether the neutralizing activity of breast milk could lower the titer of vaccine virus and explain this difference in vitro. METHODS: Breast milk samples were collected from mothers who were breast-feeding infants 4 to 29 weeks of age (ie, vaccine eligible age) in India (N = 40), Vietnam (N = 77), South Korea (N = 34), and the United States (N = 51). We examined breast milk for rotavirus-specific IgA and neutralizing activity against 3 rotavirus vaccine strains-RV1, RV5 G1, and 116E using enzyme immunoassays. The inhibitory effect of breast milk on RV1 was further examined by a plaque reduction assay. FINDINGS: Breast milk from Indian women had the highest IgA and neutralizing titers against all 3 vaccine strains, while lower but comparable median IgA and neutralizing titers were detected in breast milk from Korean and Vietnamese women, and the lowest titers were seen in American women. Neutralizing activity was greatest against the 2 vaccine strains of human origin, RV1 and 116E. This neutralizing activity in one half of the breast milk specimens from Indian women could reduce the effective titer of RV1 by approximately 2 logs, of 116E by 1.5 logs, and RV5 G1 strain by approximately 1 log more than that of breast milk from American women. INTERPRETATION: The lower immunogenicity and efficacy of rotavirus vaccines in poor developing countries could be explained, in part, by higher titers of IgA and neutralizing activity in breast milk consumed by their infants at the time of immunization that could effectively reduce the potency of the vaccine. Strategies to overcome this negative effect, such as delaying breast-feeding at the time of immunization, should be evaluated. |
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